Foraging behaviour and habitat use by Antechinus flavipes and Sminthopsis murina (Marsupialia: Dasyuridae) in response to predation risk in eucalypt woodland

We examined the foraging behaviour and habitat use of two species of small Australian mammal (Antechinus flavipes and Sminthopsis murina) in response to predation risk in remnant eucalypt woodland. Predation risk was manipulated by providing refuge in the form of ground level wire netting to reduce risks from avian and mammalian predators. Giving-up-densities (GUD) using artificial food trays (20 mealworms in 1.5 l vermiculite) quantified the foraging behaviour in response to predation risk, by measuring the quitting harvest rate. Both A. flavipes and S. murina had lower GUDs (number of mealworms remaining) under the netting than in the open, most likely because these areas have lower predation risk. Animals also made greater visits to tracking tunnels under the netting compared to in the open. Tracking animal movements using fluorescent pigments also revealed preference for natural microhabitats that were structurally complex with animals moving most where logs and rock crevices were present. These results suggest that small mammals may use habitat structure to reduce their risks of predation. If future studies are able to demonstrate commensurate population-level responses, manipulation of habitat may be a useful management option to complement the direct control of exotic predators such as foxes and feral cats.     

无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业生产构架与生态营养调控研究

阐述了无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业三者间的异同,无公害、绿色及有机畜牧业生产构架与生态营养调控的途径,并探讨了三者在我国的发展趋势及不同地域的策略选择,指出现阶段应以无公害畜牧业生产为主,以绿色和有机畜牧业生产为辅;随其技术的成熟应逐步扩大绿色及有机畜牧业所占比重;西部无污染地区和东南沿海地区应以绿色及有机畜牧业发展为主,而广大农区应以无公害畜牧业生产为主。     

Soil carbon and nutrient pools in Douglas-fir plantations 5 years after manipulating biomass and competing vegetation in the Pacific Northwest

We assessed changes in mineral soil total carbon (C) and nutrient (exchangeable Ca, K, Mg, and total N) pools to 60 cm depth 5 years after manipulating biomass and competing vegetation at two contrasting Douglas-fir plantations (Matlock, WA, and Molalla, OR). Biomass treatments included whole-tree (WT) and bole-only (BO) harvest, and competing vegetation control (VC) treatments were applied as either initial or annual herbicide applications. There were main effects of biomass removal and VC on the absolute change in soil pools of some elements at both sites, but significant effects were more prevalent at the lower soil quality Matlock site than the Molalla site, and were generally confined to the top 15 cm of soil. In all cases, treatment effects were associated with increases in C and nutrients following BO and initial VC treatments combined with little change in soil pools following WT and annual VC treatments. At the Matlock site, total soil pools (0-60 cm) of C, N, and Ca significantly increased in the BO and initial VC treatments, and Mg increased and K decreased regardless of treatment. At the Molalla site, soil C and nutrient pools did not change in response to treatments, but total soil Mg increased in all treatments during the study period. Correlation analyses indicated little influence of soil nutrient pools on early growth at Matlock likely because soil water is more limiting than nutrient availability at that site, but vegetation growth was correlated to nutrient pools at Molalla indicating changes in pools associated with harvesting and treatment could influence crop development in the future. These early results indicate low potential for intensive management practices to reduce mineral soil pools of C and nutrients, but there is uncertainty on the long-term growth response because treatments may have influenced nutrient storage in pools other than mineral soil.     

根据形态学和分子系统学特征界定拟盘多毛孢属的种

以拟盘多毛孢属108个ITS（内转录间区）序列建立了分子系统树,探讨拟盘多毛孢属的形态特征与分子系统树的相互关系.结果表明,拟盘多毛孢属首先按照分生孢子有色胞的颜色区分为暗色和淡色（同色）2个分支,暗色组再分成2个亚分支--同色亚分支和异色亚分支,淡色分支内进一步根据顶端附属丝特征和基部附属丝的有无区分为7个亚分支.寄主植物的某个分类单元在拟盘多毛孢属的分子系统树上并未形成特定的分支.通过对形态特征与分子系统树结合分析,重新界定小孢拟盘多毛孢（Pestalotiopsis microspora）、异色拟盘多毛孢（P.versicolor）和茶拟盘多毛孢（P.theae）.     

取食不同寄主植物的小菜娥对溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯敏感性的变化

取食不同寄主植物的小菜蛾３龄幼虫对溴氰菊酯和氯氰菊酯的敏感性发生了变化。其中，以取食萝卜的小菜蛾３龄幼虫最为敏感，其次是甘蓝、菜心、白菜和西洋菜，取食花椰菜的最不敏感。但用不同寄主植物饲养小莱蛾１个完整的世代，再用菜心统一饲养至３龄，用上述药剂生测的结果是，其敏感性差异不明显。本文还对因不同寄主植物诱导的小菜蛾药剂敏感性变化的实质进行了讨论。     

沙潜生物学特性的观察研究

沙潜Opatrums Subaratum Fald.是我国北方干旱区重要的苗期害虫,危害严重。一年完成一个世代,成虫在土中或缝隙处越冬。早春出蛰,4月上旬至5月中旬为活动盛期。成虫取食的寄主植物有34科110余种,主要为种子和幼苗,经多年观察,成虫对豆饼、花生饼和棉子饼有趋性。成虫耐饥能力很强,寿命长,且能进行产雌雄孤雌生殖。在适宜温度下卵期随温度升高而缩短,卵期4～28天。幼虫在表土层活动,经6龄或7龄,幼虫期48～53天,地势高排水良好的土壤有利于幼虫的生长发育,幼虫在5～8厘米土层中化蛹,蛹期7～11天.沙潜主要天敌是步行(虫甲)、地蝼(虫甲),食量很大。     

小麦品种抗性多样化中寄主群体抗性量化的研究

 在一个地区范围内利用病原群体毒性及寄主群体抗性的观点,可把多个具不同抗锈性小麦品种在不同布局条件下,将其整体抗性加以综合量化,其结果在预测预报小麦锈病流行强度的研究中,有助于品种抗性因子对锈病流行强度所产生干扰作用的大小能够量化进入预测式.     

建兰花叶病毒检测标准方法的建立

经过2004￣2005两年对上海口岸进境和进境后种植的260个兰花品种上建兰花叶病毒(CyMV)检测方法的研究,分别建立了检测和鉴定兰花上建兰花叶病毒的DAS-ELISA、电镜观察、鉴别寄主反应、RT-PCR和IC-RT-PCR的方法。     

中国小麦秆锈菌鉴别寄主品种Rulofen抗秆锈病基因的单体分析

普通小麦品种Rulofen是我国小麦杆锈菌的鉴別寄主。用中国春单体系列和对Rulofen无毒性的小麦秆锈菌的三个生理小种21C3、34、34C2对Rulofen进行了抗秆锈病基因的单体分析,并将Rulofen所含的抗秆锈病基因与国际上已命名的Sr基因进行了异同比较。结果表明;Rulofen在2D染色体上含有兼抗三个供试生理小种的抗病基因Sr6.其抗性效应为;-;1~ 或1X~=-x~- ,因环境条件的影响,Sr6的抗性反应型不稳定;在5D染色体上含有兼抗21C3、34和34C2三个生理小种的抗病基因Sr30,其抗性效应为2=、抗秆锈病基因Sr6和Sr30对我国的小麦秆锈菌小种34类群都具有进一步的区分作用。